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In this game, each player character had a unique fighting style with approximately 3. In the single- player mode, the player's chosen character is pitted sequentially against the seven other main characters before confronting the final four boss opponents, who consist of CPU- controlled characters not selectable by the player. As in the original, a second player could join in at any point during single player mode and compete against the other player in competitive matches. The original Japanese version of Street Fighter II introduced an African- American boxerboss character, sharing the physical characteristics and likeness of real- life boxer Mike Tyson. In order to avoid a likeness infringement lawsuit from Tyson, Capcom rotated the names of three of the boss characters for international versions of the game. Bison name, the talon- wielding Spanish warrior, named Balrog in the Japanese version, was renamed Vega, and the boxer became Balrog. Street Fighter II eclipsed its predecessor in popularity, eventually turning Street Fighter into a multimediafranchise. By 1. 99. 3, sales of Street Fighter II exceeded $1. By 1. 99. 5, Street Fighter II and Street Fighter II: Champion Edition arcade machines had exceeded $2. In addition, the video game consoleports sold more than 1. Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis platforms. In this game, players are allowed to play as the four computer- controlled boss characters and two players are able to choose the same character. In this case, one character wears an alternate color pattern. The game also features slightly improved graphics, including differently colored backgrounds and refined gameplay. A second upgrade, titled Street Fighter II' Turbo: Hyper Fighting, called Street Fighter II Dash Turbo in Japan, was produced in response to the various bootleg editions of the game. Hyper Fighting offers faster gameplay than its predecessors, different character costume colors, and new special techniques. Super Street Fighter II: The New Challengers, the third revision, gives the game a complete graphical and musical overhaul and introduces four new playable characters. It is also the first game for Capcom’s CP System II arcade hardware. The fifth arcade installment, Super Street Fighter II Turbo, Super Street Fighter II X in Japan, brings back the faster gameplay of Hyper Fighting, a new type of special techniques known as . The original version, Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, was ported to the Super NES in 1. That year, Hyper Fighting received two different home versions as well: a Super NES version titled Street Fighter II Turbo and a Genesis counterpart titled Street Fighter II': Special Champion Edition, titled Street Fighter II Dash Plus in Japan. The following game, Super Street Fighter II, was also ported to the Super NES and Genesis in 1. Later that year, Super Street Fighter II Turbo was released for the 3. DO Interactive Multiplayer and also appeared in a PC version for Windows, released by the now defunct Game. Tek. In 1. 99. 7, Capcom released the Street Fighter Collection for the Play. Station and Sega Saturn. This is a compilation that includes Super and Super Turbo as well as Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold, titled Street Fighter Zero 2. It was followed by Street Fighter Collection 2, titled Capcom Generation Vol. Japan, also released for the Play. Station and Saturn, which includes the original Street Fighter II, Champion Edition, and Hyper Fighting. In 2. 00. 0, Capcom released Super Street Fighter II X for Matching Service exclusively in Japan for the Dreamcast. This version of the game features an online two- player versus mode. In 2. 00. 3, Capcom released Hyper Street Fighter II: The Anniversary Edition for the arcades in Japan and Asia to commemorate the 1. As the final arcade installment, the game is a hybrid version of Super Turbo, which allows player to select between versions of characters from all five previous Street Fighter II games. Hyper was released in North America and the PAL region via its ports for the Play. Station 2 and the Xbox, released as part of the Street Fighter Anniversary Collection along with Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike. In 2. 00. 5, the three games in Street Fighter Collection 2 were included in Capcom Classics Collection Vol. Play. Station 2 and Xbox. A version of Super Turbo, along with the original Street Fighter, was later included in the 2. Capcom Classics Collection Vol. Play. Station 2 and Xbox. Street Fighter II and Super Street Fighter II are also available as downloadable games for select cellular phone services. An updated version of Super Street Fighter II Turbo came to the Play. Station Network and Xbox Live Arcade services in November 2. This is the first time the Street Fighter characters have had new sprites, drawn by Capcom, since Capcom vs. SNK 2 in 2. 00. 1. The game has several changes which address character balancing issues, but also features the original arcade version gameplay so that players can choose between the two. The game features two graphical styles—classic pixel art and updated high- definition art. New gameplay mechanics and modes have been introduced and tweaks have been made to the game's balance. This game also featured two more characters, who were classic alternate evil form of the classic characters Ryu and Ken, Evil Ryu and Violent Ken, while Akuma is now a regular playable character. Street Fighter Alpha series (1. The game uses the same art style Capcom previously employed in Darkstalkers and X- Men: Children of the Atom with settings and character designs heavily influenced by Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie. Alpha expands on the Super Combo system from Super Turbo by extending Super Combo meter into three levels, allowing for super combos to be stored up, and introducing Alpha Counters and Chain Combos, also from Darkstalkers. The plot of Alpha is set between the first two Street Fighter games and fleshes out the backstories and grudges held by many of the classic SFII characters. Alpha 2 retains all 1. Alpha 2 is followed by a slightly enhanced arcade release titled Street Fighter Zero 2 Alpha and was released in Japan and Brazil, ported to home consoles as Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold, and Zero 2. Alpha 3 introduces three selectable fighting styles and further expands the playable roster to 2. The home console versions of Alpha 3 further expands the character roster by adding the remaining . The Dreamcast version of the game was backported to the arcades in Japan under the title of Street Fighter Zero 3 Upper. A version of Upper, simply titled Alpha 3 outside Japan, was released for the Game Boy Advance and added three characters from Capcom vs. A Play. Station Portable version titled Alpha 3 MAX, or 'Zero 3 Double Upper in Japan, contains the added characters from the GBA version and Ingrid from Capcom Fighting Jam. Street Fighter EX series (1. It was developed for the Play. Station- based ZN- 1 hardware. EX combined the established Street Fighter cast with original characters created and owned by Arika. It was followed by an upgraded version titled Street Fighter EX Plus in 1. A home version with additional features and characters, Street Fighter EX Plus Alpha, was released for the Play. Station during the same year. A sequel was released in 1. Street Fighter EX2, developed for the ZN- 2 hardware. Custom combos were reintroduced and the character roster was expanded upon even further. In 1. 99. 9, EX2 also received an upgraded version, Street Fighter EX2 Plus. A port of EX2 Plus was released for the Play. Station in 1. 99. The third game in the series, Street Fighter EX3, was released as a launch title for the Play. Station 2 in 2. 00. This game included a tag team system, a mode that let a single player fight up to three opponents simultaneously, and another mode that allowed players to give the new character, Ace, a selection of special and super moves after purchasing them with experience points. The cast included many characters from the previous game. Some of the Arika- owned characters from the series were later featured in other games developed by the company. The Namco- distributed arcade game Fighting Layer featured Allen Snider and Blair Dame from the original EX, while Skullomania would reappear in the Play. Station game Fighter Maker. A new fighting game featuring the Arika- owned characters is currently in development. 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One hundred and fifty years later, that war’s profound implications still reverberate within American hearts, heads and politics, from the lingering consequences of slavery for African- Americans to renewed debates over states’ rights and calls for the “nullification” of federal laws. Many in the South have viewed secession a matter of honor and the desire to protect a cherished way of life. But the war was unarguably about the survival of the United States as a nation. Many believed that if secession succeeded, it would enable other sections of the country to break from the Union for any reason. The Revolution had proved that we could defend ourselves against outside attack. Then we proved, in the creation of the Constitution, that we could write rules for ourselves. Now the third test had come: whether a republic could defend itself against internal collapse.”Generations of historians have argued over the cause of the war. All these interpretations came together to portray the Civil War as a collision of two noble civilizations from which black slaves had been airbrushed out.” African- American historians from W. E. B. Du Bois to John Hope Franklin begged to differ with the revisionist view, but they were overwhelmed by white historians, both Southern and Northern, who, during the long era of Jim Crow, largely ignored the importance of slavery in shaping the politics of secession. Fifty years ago, the question of slavery was so loaded, says Harold Holzer, author of Lincoln President- Elect and other works on the 1. African- Americans were virtually excluded. Only later were African- American views of the war and its origins finally heard, and scholarly opinion began to shift. Says Holzer, “Only in recent years have we returned to the obvious—that it was about slavery.”As Emory Thomas, author of The Confederate Nation 1. University of Georgia, puts it, “The heart and soul of the secession argument was slavery and race. Most white Southerners favored racial subordination, and they wanted to protect the status quo. They were concerned that the Lincoln administration would restrict slavery, and they were right.”Of course, in the spring of 1. Many Southerners assumed that secession could be accomplished peacefully, while many Northerners thought that a little saber rattling would be sufficient to bring the rebels to their senses. Both sides, of course, were fatally wrong. The war was a conflict of epic dimensions that cost 6. American lives, and brought about a racial and economic revolution, fundamentally altering the South’s cotton economy and transforming four million slaves from chattel into soldiers, citizens and eventually national leaders. The road to secession had begun with the nation’s founding, at the Constitutional Convention of 1. American Revolution with the fact that human beings were held in bondage. Over time, the Southern states would grow increasingly determined to protect their slave- based economies. The founding fathers agreed to accommodate slavery by granting slave states additional representation in Congress, based on a formula that counted three- fifths of their enslaved population. Optimists believed that slavery, a practice that was becoming increasingly costly, would disappear naturally, and with it electoral distortion. Instead, the invention of the cotton gin in 1. There were nearly 9. Americans in 1. 80. By 1. 86. 0, there were four million—and the number of slave states increased accordingly, fueling a sense of impending national crisis over the South’s “peculiar institution.”A crisis had occurred in 1. Southerners had threatened secession to protect slavery. The Missouri Compromise the next year, however, calmed the waters. Under its provisions, Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state, while Maine would be admitted as a free state. And, it was agreed, future territories north of a boundary line within land acquired by the Louisiana Purchase of 1. The South was guaranteed parity in the U. S. Senate—even as population growth in the free states had eroded the South’s advantages in the House of Representatives. In 1. 85. 0, when the admission of gold- rich California finally tipped the balance of free states in the Senate in the North’s favor, Congress, as a concession to the South, passed the Fugitive Slave Law, which required citizens of Northern states to collaborate with slave hunters in capturing fugitive slaves. But it had already become clear to many Southern leaders that secession in defense of slavery was only a matter of time. Sectional strife accelerated through the 1. In the North, the Fugitive Slave Law radicalized even apathetic Yankees. The Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision of 1. Northerners by declaring, in effect, that free- state laws barring slavery from their own soil were essentially superseded. The decision threatened to make slavery a national institution. John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, in October 1. South and liberate their slaves by force. In 1. 85. 8, Abraham Lincoln, declaring his candidacy for the Senate, succinctly characterized the dilemma: “I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”For the South, the last straw was Lincoln’s election to the presidency in 1. In a four- way contest against Northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, Constitutional Unionist John Bell and the South’s favorite son, Kentucky Democrat John Breckenridge, Lincoln received not a single electoral vote south of the Mason- Dixon line. In her diary, Charleston socialite Mary Boykin Chesnut recounted the reaction she had overheard on a train when news of Lincoln’s election was announced. One passenger, she recalled, had exclaimed: “Now that.. Republicans have the power I suppose they will . Men young and old flocked to join militia companies. Even children delivered “resistance speeches” to their playmates and strutted the lanes with homemade banners. In December 1. 86. Lincoln’s election, South Carolina’s secession convention, held in Charleston, called on the South to join “a great Slaveholding Confederacy, stretching its arms over a territory larger than any power in Europe possesses.” While most Southerners did not own slaves, slave owners wielded power far beyond their numbers: more than 9. In breaking up the Union, the South Carolinians claimed, they were but following the founding fathers, who had established the United States as a “union of slaveholding States.” They added that a government dominated by the North must sooner or later lead to emancipation, no matter what the North claimed. Delegates flooded into the streets, shouting, “We are afloat!” as church bells rang, bonfires roared and fireworks shot through the sky. By 1. 86. 1, Charleston had witnessed economic decline for decades. Renowned for its residents’ genteel manners and its gracious architecture, the city was rather like a “distressed elderly gentlewoman.. It was a cosmopolitan city, with significant minorities of French, Jews, Irish, Germans—and some 1. Charleston had been a center of the slave trade since colonial times, and some 4. Even as white Charlestonians boasted publicly of their slaves’ loyalty, they lived in fear of an uprising that would slaughter them in their beds. Are they stolidly stupid? Egerton, author of Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election that Brought on the Civil War, “To win over the yeoman farmers—who would wind up doing nearly all the fighting—the Fire- eaters relentlessly played on race, warning them that, unless they supported secession, within ten years or less their children would be the slaves of Negroes.”Despite its decline, Charleston remained the Confederacy’s most important port on the Southeast coast. The spectacular harbor was defended by three federal forts: Sumter; tiny Castle Pinckney, one mile off the city’s Battery; and heavily armed Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan’s Island, where Major Anderson’s command was based but where its guns pointed out to sea, making it defenseless from land. On December 2. 7, a week after South Carolina’s declaration of secession, Charlestonians awoke to discover that Anderson and his men had slipped away from Fort Moultrie to the more defensible Fort Sumter. For secessionists, Anderson’s move “was like casting a spark into a magazine,” wrote one Charlestonian, T. Moore, to a friend. Although a military setback for Confederates, who had expected to muscle the federal troops out of Moultrie, Anderson’s move enabled the Fire- eaters to blame Washington for “defying” South Carolina’s peaceable efforts to secede. Fort Sumter had been planned in the 1. |
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